Botany of a City Essay Example

Botany of a City Essay Example Botany of a City Essay Botany of a City Essay The narrative of each community can be determined by its works life. Plant life can find what will populate the country and what the economic system will boom on. Atlanta. Georgia is no exclusion. When the first European adventurers reached the upper Piedmont of Georgia. it was already inhabited by Creek Indians. besides known as the Muskogee. The Creek Indians believed that there were supernatural powers attributed to all natural things. They used many workss in mending the sick and besides believed that there were workss that would supply them with greater runing powers. The bulk of Creek district was located in the hilly Piedmont. The flora was an oak-pine wood. composed of a assorted growing of oak. pine. Sassafras albidums. chestnut. and hickory trees. In Indian Territory. Creek lands were a mosaic of oak forest. tallgrass prairie. and bottomland hardwood forest altering to a assorted long and short-grass prairie on the western fringe of their part. The majority of the country encompassed a forested belt known as the Cross Timbers. Creek Indians chose to settle in watercourse bottomlands. and tried to avoid the to a great extent timbered and tall-grass prairie countries. They favored countries that provided dependable wood qand H2O beginnings. Limited agribusiness. widespread farm animal farming. and progressively spread tribal towns continued to qualify the Creek landscape. ( Swanton. 2000 ) This inhabitancy of the Creek Indians extended into the early 1800s. The Decatur country was treatied over from the Creeks in 1820. Many people assume that Native Americans left the woods virtually untouched ; nevertheless. this is non true. Native Americans cleared. farmed. and burned the landscape of Georgia. in some countries greatly impacting and altering the natural landscape. In the Atlanta country. autochthonal populations seemingly neer attained ample Numberss. Therefore. their influence on the present Atlanta landscape likely was minimum. ( Swanton. 2000 ) Many workss native to the Atlanta country were used by both the Indians and others for their medicative value. The Cornus Florida ( Dogwood tree ) is a flowering tree that will make a tallness of 25 pess at adulthood with a 25 pes spread. A assortment of Dogwood trees can be found throughout the state. but the ruddy Dogwood is more common to the southern parts of the state. The ruddy Dogwood grows in acidic. loamy. moist. rich. sandy. good drained. clay dirts. The ruddy Dogwood has red blooms that appear in the spring. This tree has glossy. ruddy fruit eaten by birds when ripened in the autumn. Blooming cornel was used medicinally by a figure of native North American Indian folk who valued it particularly for its styptic and antiperiodic belongingss. The dried root-bark is antiperiodic. styptic. sudorific. mildly stimulating and tonic. The flowers are said to hold similar belongingss. A tea or tincture of the acerb root bark has been used as a quinine replacement to handle malaria and besides in the intervention of chronic diarrhoea. The bark has besides been used as a to handle external ulcers and lesions. The interior bark was boiled and the tea rummy to cut down febrilities and to reconstruct a lost voice. A compound extract of the bark and the root has been used in the intervention of assorted childhood diseases such as rubeolas and worms. It was frequently used in the signifier of a bath. The fruits are used as a acrimonious digestive quinine water. The 1830s to the 1930s was the clip of great enlargement of agribusiness in the Georgia Piedmont. Cotton was a primary harvest and land that was level plenty to plough became agricultural land. Even countries of woods were cleared for the production of cotton. This left the land unprotected from eroding and the loss of surface soil. Cotton as a harvest drains the dirt of foods and in the 1930s the dirts became hapless. Many farms went belly-up and husbandmans abandoned their Fieldss. It wasn’t long before the pines rapidly reclaimed most Fieldss. and forestry became the agribusiness of the Piedmont. Pines could last in the hapless dirts. and the Piedmont bit by bit reforested. although it has non returned to its original province. From 1930 to 1960. Atlanta easy grew from a chiefly suburban and rural metropolis to a big urban metropolis. Further growing took topographic point from 1965 to show. This period of clip saw enormous residential. industrial. and transit growing. Atlanta became the great international metropolis that it is today. This enlargement eliminated many of our trees. changed drainage forms. increased impermeable surfaces. and disconnected and stray home ground spots. ( Livingston A ; Shreve. 1921 ) Cotton was a primary contributing factor to the growing of Atlanta’s agricultural industry. Cotton grows in a warm clime. with rich dirt. Cotton requires a 160-day hoar free turning period. Cotton is alone in that the full works can be utilized in different ways. The fibre or lint is used in doing cotton fabric. Linters provide cellulose for doing plastics. explosives. high quality paper merchandises and processed into batting for embroidering mattresses. furniture and car shock absorbers. The cotton seed is crushed and separated. with the oil being used for cooking. and the hulls being used as repast for farm animal. or fertiliser. Cotton is a labour intensive harvest and expanded the function of bondage in the South. Without the usage of slave labour. it is improbable that husbandmans would hold been able to bring forth adequate cotton to last. Prior to the Civil War. the cotton industry was challenged as slaves and land became more expensive and harder to happen. Farmers tried to works cotton anywhere they could happen. utilizing even hapless dirt. Cotton turning was turn outing to be profitable and anyone who could take portion in the industry did. With the usage of slave labour and the roar of the cotton industry. there became a division of category and race in Atlanta’s society. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. com ) As a pillar of the Atlanta agribusiness. cotton expoundings became a manner for Atlanta to pull visitants and spread out their economic system. Atlanta held its first cotton expounding. the International Cotton Exposition in 1881. The intent of the expounding was to spread out trade. and hike the economic system. The International Cotton Exposition was host to more than 200. 000 people and lasted for two and a half months. Those who promoted and hosted the expounding were making so to spread out the economic system and make an industrial centre in Atlanta. The ferocious competition in the cotton industry would besides take to the death of the Atlanta countryside. as husbandmans leveled woods in order to make more land for the agriculture of cotton. ( Parkins. 1938 ) The xanthous pines played a major function in the development of the railway in Atlanta and the railway provided for the growing and enlargement of Atlanta and its economic system. It was the growing and enlargement of the agribusiness environing Atlanta that created the demand for enlargement in the transit industry. viz. the railway. Effective and efficient transit was needed. Atlanta was turning at rate faster than any other southern metropolis. Competition between communities in the South propelled the enlargement of the railway to Atlanta. Local politicians were cognizant that transit would supply for economic prosperity. Atlanta was given railway connexions with the seashore in 1845. Atlanta’s growing was in portion due to its geographic location. The creative activity of the southern end point of the first railway in northern Georgia. the Western and Atlantic. fixed its location and it became a hamlets of railwaies in the early 1850’s when a line was built northwestward from Augusta and another from Atlanta to Montgomery. The railway besides brought with it challenges during the Civil War. As a cardinal hub. it was the place of big industries for the Confederate ground forces and a terminal for supplies. and sustained major harm during the war. The railway provided Atlanta with an ability to keep its trade with the universe. ( Parkins. 1938 ) Atlanta was rich in resources to help in constructing the railway. The xanthous pines were used as railway ties and provided lumber for building. The Longleaf Pine is an evergreen that grows chiefly along the southern boundary line and the western border of the United States. In its mature province it will 60 to 80 pess in tallness. with a 30 to 40 pes spread. The Longleaf Pine grows in alkaline. loamy. rich. broad scope. clay dirts. The Longleaf Pine thrives in full Sun to partial shadiness. The Longleaf Pine bole has scaly. coarse. visible radiation. orange-brown bark with unsloped subdivisions organizing an ellipse. unfastened Crown. The flexible. dark green acerate leafs are up to 18? long. and the big. spinous cones are up to 10? long and may prevail on the tree for two old ages. For the first five to seven old ages. the pine stays in a caespitose. grass-like phase after sprouting. turning easy while the root system develops. It is drought tolerant once the tree is established. Following the grass phase. it grows at a medium to fast rate. The inch long bunchs of new growing are silver white during the winter. The roots are sensitive to disturbance during building. This tree provides nutrient and screen for wildlife. including the now endangered red-cockaded peckerwood. Squirrels. quails. brown-headed nutcrackers. and turkeys eat the seeds. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. org ) Today merely 3 million estates across the South contain some longleaf woods. and of that lone about 12. 000 scattered estates retain an old-growth constituent with a biologically diverse understory. One survey estimates that Georgia maintained more than 4 million estates of longleaf wood in 1936. piece merely 376. 400 estates remained in 1997. The longleaf pine is considered to be the dominant tree species in this ecosystem and is indispensable to its being. It is in its understory where the diverseness of this system exists and has hence been threatened. In fact. the longleaf pine. grassland forest may good be the most diverse North American ecosystem North of the Torrid Zones. incorporating rare workss and animate beings non found anyplace else. The understory throughout the longleaf scope contains from 150 to 300 species of ground cover workss per acre. more breeding bird than any other southeasterly forest type. about 60 per centum of the amphibious and reptile species found in the Southeast. and at least 122 endangered or threatened works species. ( World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. org ) Atlanta is a metropolis rich in history and diverseness. much of which was created and sustained by its ecology and works life. It was the works life that sustained the Creek Indians until their ejection. Plants. such as the Cornus Florida were used medicinally among many others. In a clip period when modern medical specialty was non available. it is likely that these medicative workss played a critical function in mundane life. The function of cotton in the development and subsequent effects to Atlanta can non be overstated. As a primary harvest. it afforded for the growing of the metropolis but came with a cost to its environment and to its citizens. The cotton industry is mostly responsible for the race dealingss and much of the civil agitation that occurred in Atlanta and the southern parts of the United States. Competition that took topographic point for resources resulted in the devastation of forest lands and the constitution of a category society. Cotton besides took its labor on the really dirt in which it was grown. consuming it of foods needed to turn farther harvests. Although it was of import to the economic system of the Atlanta country. the consequence of forced growing and competition was non a successful locale for Atlanta. The Longleaf Pine was merely one of a big assortment of pine trees that grow in the Atlanta country. The Longleaf Pine provided high-quality timber for edifice stuffs ; natural stuffs for the naval shops industry. and eatage for farm animal. As with other resources in the Atlanta country. the overexploitation of forest lands. and the competition for resources depleted the wood and led to a diminution in the population of the Longleaf pine. The creative activity of a large-scale lumber industry furthered the diminution of the forest country. Atlanta. rich in resources. is a good illustration of hapless direction of the land by it inhabitants. Resources that were one time plentiful were depleted in order to construct industry and create net incomes. Livingston. Burton E. . and Forrest Shreve. The Distribution of Vegetation in the United States: Equally Related to Climatic Conditions. Washington. DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 1921. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=9416357 gt ; . New Georgia Encyclopedia. The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem. World Wide Web. georgianencyclopedia. com 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2200 A ; hl=y gt ; Parkins. A. E. The South: Its Economic-Geographic Development. New York: Wiley. 1938. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=12088884 gt ; . Swanton. John R. Creek Religion and Medicine. Lincoln. Neon: University of Nebraska Press. 2000. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=85724942 gt ; . Tang. Anthony M. Economic Development in the Southern Piedmont. 1860-1950: Its Impact on Agriculture. Chapel Hill. North carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 1958. Questia. 26 Jan. 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=3520587 gt ; .

How Can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost Dissertation

How Can RyanAir maintain its dominance in the European low-cost airline market - Dissertation Example The use of secondary research methodology in the research confers some distinct advantages for which it is extensively preferred. Firstly with the development of internet communication the secondary research activity has become easier in terms of gaining access to large amount of data within a much lesser time period. Secondly the use of secondary research activity also helps in reducing the level of research cost as the researcher does not have to depend on market or field research. Thirdly the use of secondary research serves as a background for conducting effective primary research activity. The researcher armed with potential information can test the practical aspect through conducting a survey based research. Fourthly the use of secondary research generates authentic information gained through the study of potential literatures written by eminent authors. Al these aspects reflect the effectiveness for depending on secondary research in conducting a research activity (McDaniel, & Gates, 1998, p.90). Apart from conducting the research based on secondary data sources primary or survey based research is also conducted. Primary or survey based research is conducted through the construction of questionnaires which would be used over a particular sample size of 200 respondents. The use of primary research activity helps in gaining focus over a particular focus group to retrieve answer to a specific research question. This methodology is considered to be pragmatic in that it helps in generating current and more feasible information pertaining to external marketing conditions. Moreover through the use of primary research the researcher can gain access to large number of views in regards to the research query. However the process of primary research entails an increase of research expenditure for employing people to conduct the research survey. Still primary research activity is considered more effective for it potentially endeavours to reflect on the marketing cond itions (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008, p.246). Further the use of statistical operations is encouraged in regards to the research conducted for it helps in depicting the figurative aspects of the information gained through the interviews made. Statistical operations made in the form generating charts and diagrams make the research more practical as one can gain a complete understanding of the views gained and thereby helps in making an effective analysis. Statistical based research enhances the effectiveness of the research activity for it generates large amount of quantitative data and thereby enhances the understand ability of the research (Nunan, 1992, p.8). 1.2. Population and Sample Size The main focus of the research activity understands RyanAir’s dominance in the markets of Europe. Thus focus must be rendered over European based customers pertaining to various demographic sets like income, age and occupation patterns. Selection of the European population been done focus is rendered to identify specific target groups based on the

Cultural competence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural competence - Essay Example Cultural accommodation strategies include covering baby’s head and burial of the placenta among others. The aforementioned strategy aims at facilitating cultural practices that are yet to be scientifically harmful. Nursing professionals advocate acknowledgment, respect, and understanding of diverse cultural beliefs. Secondly, cultural re-patterning entails working with the client in order to adjust existing cultural practices. For instance, fried foods from various cultures, abuse of a spouse, and teas for a healthy baby are some practices under cultural re-patterning. If a patient domiciles from a tribe that advocates the use of herbs, a nurse needs to convince the patient to desist from using herbs by quoting different herbs that have adverse impacts. Finally, cultural brokering entails encouraging and mediating between cultural norm of clients and the biomedical structure (Huber, 2009). Accommodation of a vast range of cultures facilitates in gaining the desired knowledge and competence. There are various challenges facing cultural competency in the nursing perspective. For instance, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination are some of the hiccups that are prevalent. However, nurses are encouraged to approach clients in a professional manner while addressing their problems (Jeffreys, 2010). Therefore, nurse-patient relationship is of vital importance in the administration of effective health care for patients with diverse cultural

Benefits of Oral Presentations

Benefits of Oral Presentations Mention two different situations (imaginary) when oral presentations are more effective than written, reasoning why presentations. Explain the various principles for successful business presentations orally. Two situations where oral communication is better than written communication: The first is when a seller is trying to sell products to a potential customer. Here, direct selling is. Direct selling is the marketing and selling products directly to consumers away from a fixed retail place, going home, staying places. Modern direct selling includes sales made through the party plan, one-on-one demonstrations and other forms of personal touch as well. An exact definition would be: The direct personal presentation, demonstration and sale of services merchandises and consumers, usually in their homes or their jobs. Why oral communication is preferred instead of written communication here? Consumers and sellers take advantage of oral communication when it comes to selling because of the convenience and service it provides, including Personal demonstration. Explanation of products. Home delivery. Generous guarantees satisfaction. Clarification of doubts/remedies on the product in the minds of customers. Possible Persuasion. Negotiation can. Second meeting is where you have to make a point to everyone present at the meeting, and take their views on the subject. Oral communication occurs in meetings where participants share their ideas. Organizers of the meeting clearly define their effective goal, as if the purpose of the meeting is to make a decision, brainstorm ideas, approve a plan to provide a change or get a status report. At the beginning of the meeting organizer uses oral indicating priorities of the meeting communication, expected results and the time allotted to discuss each topic. Requesting additional input from participants, he/she ensures the meeting remains relevant to everyone. The organizer of the meeting also ensures that each participant gets a chance to speak without monopolizing the agenda. Different principles to ensure the success of oral business presentations Do not design a static model; instead of designing a static. Plan the design of your presentation to be vibrant and alive as you interact w ith your audienceDynamic means strength, living movement. Complete or static means defined Do not plan what you will say to your last word, and to present what has already been said in the study. Ensure that your plan is clear and simple. Make sure your main ideas are clear in concept and formulation. Writing the basic idea of your tax statement and division for the listener make a difference in the way you write. What you write may look good on paper. But read the statements aloud and check. †¢ How they ring you? †¢ Are they readily understandable? †¢ Is there a rhythm and symmetry in the text? †¢ Would it create doubts in the mind of the receiver or not? correct weightage. Written notes can be deceiving when you write a word or two to indicate a long illustration, argument, or application. The amount of weight you give to An Individual section will depend on the time you spend with her. Be sure to focus your design time, careful planning, while remaining flexible. Emphasize main ideas of repetition and placement. Remember that the public might say a statement is a main idea, by the way you say or present. They cannot see bold or underlined characters in what you say. Put your tax division noticeable positions: first and last in a section. Everything you say first and the last is always remembered. As you repeat your division statements in the same terms, the listener will understand its meaning. Also, make it your habit to announce and number them, using your keywords. Use phrased transitions carefully as you move into your presentation.. If you start with a usual analogy, make argument clear regarding your idea presented. This will provide a smooth tr ansition in your next section. Shot of the transition from need section, then the introduction text. Use connecting sentences and let the transitional sentence, with the keyword public in steer your the partitions. Wrap each section or division said, with a restatement of the previous agenda and introduction of Next Idea. Plan a combination of inductive and deductive movement significantly. Remember that the inductive thought begins with specifics. Lead the by talking presentation of something that is already acquainted to the public; that is parallel to your subject and gets their notice. From here you will be able to move to the main idea of the presentation. The movement should be structured General Specific To. Use deductive movement when you give the statementand detachment and move to essentials. Use language that is best suited to the ear, not the eye.. Choose phrases that can be easily understood indelivering. You only get one of say something chance to. Even if you repeat the main ideas, keep them simple and straightforward. Avoid terminology that is beyond comprehension. Do public not to assume that people know what you are talking about historical references. Explain. Do not use technical theological terms without or before defining them. Use peoples talk, but no grammar or pronunciation Make your introductory sections are carefully planned.. Introduction is as important as what you do to communicate effectively. There are five purposes for the establishment To capture the awarenessof the listener; To initiate interest about you; To commence your subject; To establishthe text; and in order to make the body an effortless transition your presentation. Each of these objectives calls for a well thought out plan. The introduction is very important because it is the beginning. If you do not have to get a good start with genuine communication touch, you can never achieve it. Ensure your concluding/closing section is carefully planned.. What we call the general conclusion is as important as the intro. Conclusion steps include visualization and action. This is the section where you return to your basic idea. For the visualization step, use illustrations and applications to paint a picture of the BASIC idea in the minds of listeners. Step Action provides the specific changes that are needed to implement the basic idea. This step tips into a time of reflection, or invites the listener to reply to the message/presentation. presentation design bearing in mind, from the viewpoint of public. Trying to get beyond the narrow focus on your hardware and how to organize it must be one of your important basis when designing your presentation. Think about your audience audience. Bear in mind what the matter already knows, how are acquainted they terminology, how their views match yours, and how they are committed to the existing attitudes and beliefs. The best communicators are those who recognize their listeners and message regulate their order to reach them where they are. Who will be there? How do they think? What do they include? What do they need to KNOW? If you do not communicate your equipment effectively, it is of no value to your listener. Understand your nervousness. 3 out of 4 say they feel nervous about public speaking. Its like getting up for a sports competition: you want to do well you have prepared and you are ready to go! Your performance is important, but it is not the main thing. The main thing is to share your message ideas, feelings and information. Its learn together. No one expects perfection. If you mess something, fix and continue. Your audience is your partner: they want to learn from you; they want you to succeed. Some nervousness is a good thing. Increased activation can enhance your presentation, improve alertness and animation, and strengthen public engagement. Use relaxation techniques if you think youre too wound. Before your presentation, sit quietly, focus on letting up the tension in your body, breathe deeply from the abdomen (a count of 4, hold for 4, for a number of 4). Do this for several cycles with n ormal breaths you do not have hyperventilation. Smile. It is a mood elevator. clear pronunciation. So that significant oral messages of receivers, the words must be clearly and correctly pronounced. It should not be a lack of clarity or communication will be a source of confusion. Brevity. Oral communication is that the message should be brief. If the sender has taken a long time to talk, his message may not attract the attention of the receiver. logical sequence. The ideas should be organized sequentially to make the communication message and attractive. Unorganized ideas do not provide clear direction, while logical sequence of ideas gives a clear meaning. courteous. Courtesy costs nothing but can save a lot. Thus, a speaker must be courteous, while addressing the audience. It helps to create a good impression in the minds of listeners for the speaker. Avoid emotions. The President must control his emotions to make effective oral communication. Too much emotion will be the speaker away from the main subject. Control Gesticulation. President repeatedly, consciously or unconsciously, gesticulating to express ideas or thoughts. It is a habit and should be avoided. Otherwise, the application of this habit can cause disinterest of the public. In addition, objective information, the ability of the listener, interesting language, and the correct flow must also be considered the principles of oral communication.

Plague, Pox and Pestilence: Disease in History Essay

The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence’ is an interesting and complete survey of epidemics and diseases, which have occurred in the past. The book was written by a historian, and it contains a lot of detailed information that puts the progression of various epidemics into view, as they relate to societies that are in their developing stages. Western imperialism, Western elites, Western religions, and Western medicine have made these epidemics even more dreadful. Throughout the text, short contemporary reports are shown, which suggest that these epidemics have had an enormous impact on society, especially during the peak of their outbreaks. The book is also aesthetically illustrated with a lot of engravings, drawings and photographs that were collected from plenty of sources. â€Å"Some of the sources used for this book back as far as the 15th century. Although not a â€Å"hard† science book, it should be of enormous interest to all microbiologists. Its size and appearance suggest that the book is aimed at the â€Å"coffee table† to which it would be an interesting if somewhat gruesome addition. † Westwell, J. The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence’ is an interesting read because it brings into focus, the pathogenic killers diseases of the developing world (bubonic plague, leprosy, smallpox, syphilis, cholera, and the tropical fevers, malaria and yellow fever. ) About the Author. Kenneth Kiple is the author of the book ‘plague, pox and pestilence’ He has written several other books including the book ‘Black Yellow Fever Immunities, Innate and Acquired, as Revealed in the American South, A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization (2007), Contemporary Authors: (1939), The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History (Studies in Environment and History) (2002), Blacks in Colonial Cuba (1976), The African Exchange: Toward a Biological History of Black People (1988), The Cambridge World History of Human Disease (1993), Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease and Racism (2003), The Cambridge World History of Food (2000), The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease (2003), and Stone agers in the fast lane? Today’s health and yesterday’s nutrition (University professor lecture series) (1995). He has also written several book reviews, including an article on Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States, which was published in the Journal of Southern History on the 31st of July, 2005. Book Summary. The book ‘Plague, Pox and Pestilence: Disease in History’ states that epidemics have had an enormous impact on society, especially during the peak of their outbreaks. The book also tries to remind the reader of the larger problem of the consequences of allowing disease and pestilence to multiply, without checking their spread in time. The author succeeds in showing that epidemics have had an enormous impact on society and its development. The book also observes that it is unlikely that most pandemics would have become anything more than an epidemic without the modern methods of transportation. For example, Cholera â€Å"unlike other diseases that require human transportation, can exist outside the human body. † (Kiple, K. F. 1997). It is a bacterium and under the microscope it is shaped like a comma. It only affects humans. Epidemiologists believe that it evolved in the Ganges Delta region and until the modern era, was isolated to that area. Until the arrival of Europeans and their technological transportation inventions including railroads, steamships and canals, cholera had been restricted to India. For this reason, Cholera has been called a disease of the 19th century. Anyone having contact with an individual suffering from this ailment, his soiled bedding, clothing, or infected water sources was a potential victim and transporter of the disease. In its most virulent form, cholera’s death rates were, and are, over 50% for adults and overwhelmingly fatal for the elderly, infants, and the otherwise infirmed. (Kiple, K. F. 1997). The book also enlightens about the mortality rate of diseases like cholera, and about the fears and superstitions of a disease like cholera in the developing parts of the world, and the effects of such superstitions. With great justification, Cholera was perceived as a demonic, evil and foreign force similar if not worse than smallpox or the plague. In its most virulent forms, it was a highly efficient killer and often resulted in a 50% mortality rate among its healthy adult victims. Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 are generally considered to have exceeded 15,000,000 persons. Another 23,000,000 died between 1865 and 1917. (Kiple, K. F. 1997). The author’s work has made a contribution to the academic community herein because the work succeeded in creating an awareness of diseases and the importance of controlling disease, so as to stop the growth of illness, especially among people in developing countries.

Prince Tennis Essay

Prince Sports is a leading tennis supplier in the international market. They have many products including racquets, bags, apparel and other accessories. They are leaders in innovation in tennis and have invented new racquet technology. Prince is excellent at catering to all types of tennis players, from juniors to professionals and everyone in-between. An environmental force that will work for Prince is the continuing growth of the population. The population is expected to continue growing which will provide opportunity for all markets. The boom in technology in the 21st century has created an atmosphere where anyone can have access to information at any time. The quality and quanity of information on the web today is better than ever. Smith is now able to use social networking tools, there is more advertising opportunity to communicate with their customers. As stated in the text, there is a large growth in tennis participation in recent years. â€Å"Tennis participation in the United States was up 43 percent- the fastest growing traditional individual sport in the country,† says Nick Skally, a senior marketing manager for Prince. With increasing globalization competetors in the tennis industry could pose a future challenge for Prince. If Prince continues expanding in the global market place, especially if they sell to un-developed countries, they may have the threat of increased taxation, inflation or high exchange rates. It is important that they choose wisely where they globally market their product. Prince is in a great position because there is an increase in playing tennis as a sport. To continue the growth of the tennis industry in the US Prince should continue placing advertisements in stores like Wal Mart and Target, where they sell their products. They could also run more television commercials, and internet advertisements showing people having fun playing tennis with Prince gear. Promotional activities Prince could use to reach recreational players could include coupons for Prince tennis equipment in  the newspaper or catalogs. They could host a charity fund raiser event at a facility with tennis courts, and give out freebies like t-shirts, and water bottles. Prince could place advertisements in popular adult sport magazines. Promotional activities to reach junior tennis players could include marketing on common social networking sites like facebook and twitter. Kids generally watch a lot of tv and pay attention to tv, televison commercials showing high level juniors having a great time with their Prince gear could be a good promotional strategy. Running an event geared towards junior tennis players to try out Prince rackets could be a great way to promote Prince’s junior brand as well. To gain distribution and sales in mass merchandisers like Target and Wal Mart Prince could have point of purchase displays in the sporting sections. Large advertisements in the store, coupons for Prince products. It is important to keep prices reasonable in large retail stores because chances are there will be other tennis options that are reasonably priced as well. In specialty tennis shops Prince could provide demo rackets, posters, detailed catalogs, information on racquets and strings. They could distribute other accessories to shops like bags, and sneakers. They could run deals at certain times, like if a customer spends a certain amount of money of Prince products, they receive a complimentary Prince bag. Prince could advertise their product in local newspapers or magazines, so that consumers know their product is available at specialty shops. In evaluating new countries to aggressively market their products it is important to evaluate each market’s trade barriers like tariffs and quotas. These barriers could make the Prince product too expensive in certain countries and limit their exports. It is also important to understand the culture when considering countries to distribute to. If Prince’s products don’t suit a certain culture it is best not to select that country. Understanding the legal system of countries being considered is important as well. There are lack of civil, commercial and criminal codes in many countries, that Prince probably would not want to expose their company to. Countries that Prince may consider agressivley marketing in are, Canada, United Kingdom, and Brazil. Once Prince decided upon countries to market in, depending on the countries atmosphere, they could place ads on billboards and in stores  that carry their product. Advertisements on popular television channels and radio stations could be helpful in getting the brand seen as well. A great marketing strategy in other countries could be to sponser tennis players from those countries with Prince equipment. Then consumers in those markets would relate to the brand on a more personal level. The Prince marketers are concerned with staying ahead of the curve and constantly learning and studying the market. They have covered all bases in the tennis market with their junior, recreational and performance lines. Prince is headed in a positive direction and is planning on continuing to expand and thrive in the global tennis market, with their quality, specialty equipment and the continuing increase of consumer interest in tennis. References Kerin, R., & Hartley, W. (2013). Marketing (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Tips to Searching the Google News Archive

Google News Archive offers a wealth of digitized historic newspapers online — many of them for free. The Google newspaper archive project was discontinued by Google many years ago but, although they stopped digitizing and adding new papers and removed their useful timeline and other search tools, the historical newspapers that were previously digitized remain. The downside of this is that,  due to poor digital scanning and OCR (optical character recognition), a simple search of the Google newspaper archive rarely pulls up anything but major headlines.  In addition, Google News has continued to deprecate their newspaper archive service, making it extremely difficult to search  for content prior to 1970, although they have hundreds of digitized newspaper titles  prior to this date.   You can improve your chances of finding great info in Google News Archive with a few simple search strategies. Use Google Web Search Searching within Google News (even the advanced search) no longer returns results older than 30 days, so be sure to use web search when searching for older articles. Google Web Search doesn’t support custom date ranges earlier than 1970 or content behind a paywall — but that doesnt mean you wont find content prior to 1970 by searching, you just cant restrict your searches to only that content. Check Availability First A full list of the digitized historical newspaper content is available online at the  Google News Archive. It generally pays to start here to see if your area and time period has coverage, although if youre looking for something interesting or potentially newsworthy (a railroad accident, for example) you may find it also reported in papers from outside the area. Restrict Sources While it is most common to search for individuals in a specific location, Google no longer offers the option to restrict your search to a particular newspaper title. Each newspaper does have a specific newspaper ID (found after nid in the URL when you select the title from the newspaper list), but the site search restriction does not consider this. Instead, try using a newspaper title in quotes, or  use just a single word from the title of the paper to restrict your search; thus a source restriction for Pittsburgh will turn up results from both the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Date Restrict To search content older than 30 days, use the Google  advanced web search page  to restrict your search by date or date range. You can bypass the restriction on dates older than 1970 by using Googles site search feature on the news archive alone. This isnt precise, as it will include any mention of that date or year and not just papers published on the date youve selected, but it is better than nothing.   Example:  site:news.google.com/newspapers pittsburg 1898 Use Generic Terms Browse through several issues of your newspaper of interest to become familiar with the general layout of the paper and the terms used most often in your sections of interest. For example, if youre looking for an obituary, did they commonly use the term obituaries, or deaths or death notices, etc. to head that section? Sometimes section headers were too fancy to be recognized by the OCR process, so also look for words frequently found in the general text then use that search term to look for content. Consider whether your term is appropriate for the time period as well. If youre searching contemporary newspapers for information on World War One you will need to use search terms such as great war, because it wasnt called World War One until after the commencement of World War Two. Browse This Paper For best results when searching digitized historical newspaper content in Google, there really is no way around using the browse feature rather than search. All things considered, its still better than having to go down to the library to look at microfilm. Begin with the newspaper list to browse directly to a specific newspaper title in the Google News Archive. Once you select a title of interest, you can easily navigate to a specific date using the arrows or, even faster, by entering the date in the date box (this can be a year, month and year, or a specific date). When youre in the newspaper view, you can get back to the browse page by selecting the Browse this newspaper link above the digitized newspaper image. Locating a Missing Issue If Google appears to have newspapers from your month of interest but is missing a few particular issues here or there, then take time to view all pages of the available issues both before and after your target date. There are many examples of Google running together several newspaper issues and then listing them only under the date of the first or last issue, so you can be browsing an issue for Monday, but end up in the middle of the Wednesday edition by the time you browse all of the available pages. Downloading, Saving, and Printing Google News Archive does not currently offer a direct way to download, save, or print newspaper images. If you want to clip an obituary or other small notice for your personal files, the easiest way to do this is to take a screenshot. Enlarge your browser window with the relevant page/article from Google News Archive so that it fills your entire computer screen.Use the enlarge button in Google News Archive to enlarge the article you want to clip to an easy to read size that fits entirely within your browser window.Hit the Print Screen or Prnt Scrn button on your computer keyboard to capture a screenshot.Open your favorite photo editing software and look for the option to open or paste a file from your computers clipboard. This will open the screenshot taken of your computer browser window.Use the Crop tool to crop the article in which youre interested and then save it as a new file (try including the newspaper title and date in the file name).If youre running Windows Vista, 7 or 8, make it easier on yourself and use the Snipping Tool instead. If you cant find historical newspapers in Google Newspaper Archive for your area and time period of interest, then Chronicling America is another source for free, digitized historical newspapers from the United States. Several subscription websites and other resources also offer access to online historical newspapers.